This cognitive appraisal determines whether the person will have an emotional response and if so, what type of response. In short, Lazarus contends that emotions are provoked when cognitive appraisals of events or circumstances are positive or negative but not neutral...

- factor or characteristic set by the researcher that is being investigates as a possible cause of a change in behaviour - CAUSE Dependent Variables - factor or characteristic being measures that is thought to be affected by a change in the value of the IV - EFFECT Population - complete set of individuals/participants under consideration from which a sample may be drawn Sample - subset of the population under investigation Random Sample - everyone in population has equal chance of being selected - avoids bias Random Stratified Sample - used when researchers are interested in identifying characteristics that vary between groups of people in the population - divide population into strata and then sample randomly from each strata Opportunity Sample - Participants selected from groups and regions that are readily available - convenience sample - has bias Experimental Group - exposed to treatment (IV present) Control Group - exposed to control condition (IV absent) - provides a point of reference with which to compare experimental group Random Allocation - procedure for assigning participants to various groups in an experiment - all participants have an equal chance of being allocated to either control or experimental group - used to ensure participants in experimental group are similar to those in the control group Placebo and Experimenter Effects Placebo Effect - participant expectation - change in behaviour caused by the belief that one has taken a drug - single blind procedure ? participants do not know if they are in experimental or control group Experimenter Effect - changes in participants behaviour that are caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter - experiment finds what it expects to - Double blind procedure ? neither the participant or the experimenter know what group the person is Research Designs Experimental Design - process of organising and structuring an experiment Extraneous Variables - any potential IV that is of no direct interest to the researcher, but may have an effect on the DV Repeated Measures - participants take part in both experimental and control conditions - each participant is repeatedly tested - positive - no individual differences between participants in each condition, need less participants - negative ? may have order effects, effects of the first condition, may artificially affect the scores of the next condition Matched Participants - researcher attempts to mimic to repeated measures design but different participants are tested in each experimental condition - to minimise participant variables, participants are matched on these variables in an attempt to remove their influence - match participants on a variable and then randomly assign them to experimental or control group - positive ? person only receives on condition so nor order effect - controls for important extraneous variables - negative ? more participants needed may still be other variables that you have not thought of which effects results Independent Groups - researcher randomly allocates each participant to treatment condition - weakest of all reducing effect of individual (participants) differences between conditions - easy to do

In this experiment, one group of participants were assigned the roles of observers (group A) and shown pictures of letters and group B were shown pictures of numbers they were then both shown an ambiguous figure...

Therefore the emotion that is actually presented differs from the instinctual response. The most extensive theory detailing the relationship between emotion and cognition was developed by Schacter who suggested that "autonomic arousal was common to many emotions, and that cognitive and perceptual factors are required to differentiate among the emotions...