The oxidized lead (PbO, litharge), which was contained in a porous crucible of crushed bone ash, was absorbed, leaving behind a trace amount of silver in a process called "cupellation" (from the cupel used to collect the metal). The lead was recovered by smelting the bone ash again with galena, the lead oxide combining with lead sulfide to form metallic lead and sulfur dioxide (2PbO + PbS = 3Pb + SO2)...
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Such pipes were extensively used but also known to be a potential source of soluble lead. How then to reconcile the two realities? In his treatise on the aqueducts of Rome, Frontius complains that "the accumulation of deposit, which sometimes hardens into a crust, contracts the channel of the water" (122)...
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Lead Poisoning Today 90% of the lead in the atmosphere comes from the burning of gasoline. This problem has been a large issue since the 1920s, when the Environmental Protection Agency started making laws on the amount of lead allowed in gasoline...	3 / 669
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Lead And The Environment Members of the famous Franklin Expedition to the Northwest Passage in the mid-1840s met a similar fate, being poisoned from lead in solder, widely used at the time to seal tins used to store foods...	4 / 885
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