Translation exposure occurs mainly on the accounting side of the business when difficulty in handling gains or losses on exchange rate fluctuations as well as maintaining the proper exchange rate to use when converting transactions from foreign amounts to US dollar amounts...

This was the reaction of traders to the dollar's strengthening on the world market. However, there is little optimism about Forecast 3 the American currency both in Russia and abroad...

Translation adjustments that arise from consolidating that foreign operation do not impact cash flows and are not included in net income. ? The economic effects of an exchange rate change on a foreign operation that is an extension of the parent's domestic operations relate to individual assets and liabilities and impact the parent's cash flows directly...

dollar and the Canadian dollar and ?, what has it been in the past, and what will it look like in the future? • Look at the published forecasts (found easily through websites, so just tell the main forecasts trends) Look at the economic fundamentals of Canada, US and Europe that seem to predict long-run exchange rate movements (growth in money supply, inflation rates, nominal interest rates, cf book chapter 10) and with that, make suggestions about what will probably happen to the exchange rate in the future (before we were speaking about the past pb of these two companies, we need to update by adding current pb with currency and also the pb they are gonna have in the future) • What kind of exchange rate system does Canada, Us et Europe have (fixed, pegged, floating, etc...