Large-scale disasters can threaten the stability of the global ecology.
Parameters of severity:-
Quantity of hazardous substances released; temperature of fire; extent of explosion destruction; area of contamination of air, sea, groundwater; local intensity of contamination (parts per million Becquerel’s/liter for radio-activity)
Causes:-
Fire; failures of plant safety design; incorrect plant operating procedures; failures of plant components; accidental impact; arson and sabotage; earthquakes
Hazard assessment and mapping techniques:-
Inventories and maps of storage locations of toxic/ hazardous substances and their characteristics; common transportation routes for dangerous substances; maps of possible zone of contamination and contamination intensity in the event of a release of any given size; traffic corridors and historical accident records for transportation hazard areas;
Potential for reducing hazard:-
Improved safety star cards in plant and equipment design; anticipation of possible hazards in plant design; fail-safe design and operating procedures; dispersal of hazardous materials; legislation; preparedness planning
Onset and warning:-
Rapid (minutes or hours) or sudden (no warning); industrial plant design should incorporate monitoring and warning systems for fire, component failure and build-up of dangerous conditions; release of pollutants may be slow enough for warning and evacuation of plant operatives and public; explosions can in some cases be anticipated... displayed 300 characters
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Initiate on-site and off-site safety plans, conduct drills in conjunction with local fire departments. Improve capabilities of civil defense and emergency authorities. Limit or reduce storage capacity of dangerous or flammable chemicals.
Community participation:-
Action to monitor pollution levels, to ensure inspection and enforcement of existing safety standards and to improve safety legislation Prepare evacuation plans... displayed 300 characters
