The CLEMSON UNIVERSITY ADVISORY BOARD for BIOMATERIALS has formally defined a biomaterial to be "a systematically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for implantation within or incorporation with living systems." By contrast a biological material is a material such as bone matrix or tooth enamel, produced by a biological system... displayed 300 characters
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Also classified as metals, polymers, ceramics and composites (Table 4).
Table 2 Biomaterials in Organs
Organ Examples
Heart
Lung
Eye
Ear
Bone
Kidney
Bladder
Cardiac pacemaker, artificial heart valve
Oxygenator machine
Contact lens, eye lens replacement
Artificial stapes, cosmetic reconstruction of outer ear
Bone plate
Kidney dialysis machine
Catheter
Table 3 Biomaterials in Body Systems
System Examples
Skeletal
Muscular
Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Integumentary
Urinary
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Bone plate, total joint replacements
Sutures
Sutures
Artificial heart valves, blood vessels
Oxygenator machine
Sutures, burn dressings, artificial skin
Catheters, kidney dialysis machine
Hydrocephalus drain, cardiac pacemaker
Microencapsulated pancreatic islet cells
Augmentation mammoplasty, other cosmetic replacements
Table 4 Materials for use in body
Materials Advantages Disadvantages Examples
Polymers
Nylon
Silicones
Teflon
Dacron
Metals
Titanium
Stainless steel
Co-Cr alloys
Gold
Ceramics
Aluminum oxide
Carbon
Hydroxyapatite
Composites
Carbon-carbon
Resilient
Easy to fabricate
Strong, tough
Ductile
bio compatible, inert
Strong in compression
Strong, tailor made
Not strong
Deform with time
May degrade
May corrode
Dense
Brittle
Difficult to make
Not resilient
Difficult to make
Sutures, blood vessels, hip socket, ear, nose, other soft tissues
Joint replacement, bone plates & screws, dental root implants
Dental, hip socket
Joint implants, heart valves
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The use of biomaterials did not become practical until the advent of aseptic surgical technique in the 1860s... displayed 300 characters
